Development and Enlightenment of Application Technology for Bitumen Waterproofing Membrane Abroad
Niu Guangquan
（China Building Material Group Co.,Ltd. Beijing 100044,China）
Abstract: This article summarize market application and technology development of bitumen waterproofing membrane in Europe, America and Japan. It contrasts
development level of modified bitumen waterproofing membrane between China and abroad, analyzes the main existing problems and puts forward development
proposals, including industry association leads application technology program for SBS modified bitumen waterproof membrane, combines science and technology
strength to solve the key factor which restricts the application level of modified bitumen waterproofing membrane.
Key words: Modified bitumen waterproofing membrane; application level; application technology; differences between China and abroad.
1 Overview of foreign building waterproof materials
1.1 Europe
European construction waterproof material is still mainly bitumen waterproof membrane, But PVC. special PVC.TPO.EPDW and other single roof membrane show a
rapid growth trend.According to the survey, the total European bitumen waterproofing rolls is 950 million square meters in 2011, is estimated to 955 million
square meters in 2016, basically flat.
In flat roofing market，total amount is 391.7 million square meters in 2011，especially the bitumen membrane is 276.8 million square meters (about 70%),
single coil is 114.9 million square meters. It estimates 441.8 million square meters in 2016, especially the bitumen membrane is 291.7 million square meters,
single coil is 150.1 billion square meters (Table 1), and the former is about 2.3 times of the latter.
Table 1 2008-2016 European flat roofing market total million square meters.
Bitumen waterproofing membrane is mainly used in the flat roof, slope roof and other places also used a certain number of. Such as the usage amount of 2011
commercial flat roof is 684 million square meters, residential flat roof is 103 million square meters, slope roof 48 million square meters, road and Bridge
8.2 million square meters and other 34 million square meters.
Bitumen waterproofing membrane in Europe is divided into SBS and APP modified bitumen and bitumen oxidation. SBS modified bitumen coiled material widely use
in Northern Europe, APP modified bitumen widely used in high temperature southern Europe, the amount of these roughly equal. The use of oxidized bitumen
laminated felt confined to the renovation construction, is widely used in southeastern Europe.
European modified bitumen technology is well developed, and export manufacturing equipment to the United States and China and other places. European major
modified bitumen material companies still on business abroad, such as France Soprema and Germany Vedag companies to carry out modified bitumen waterproof
membrane sales in China.
In Europe, some developed countries has made the transition to flat roof to modified bitumen coiled material as dominant, such as French SBS modified bitumen
waterproof membrane has accounted about 84% of the flat roof of the market, Italy's APP modified bitumen waterproofing membrane has accounted for about 90%
of flat roof of the market.
1.2 Japan
Japan construction waterproof material has distinctive characteristics: laminated bitumen roofing for the first implementation of the 10 years warranty
period still trusted; modified bitumen roofing has the certain development, PVC waterproof roll roofing recent rapid growth.
According to the Japan Federation of waterproofing materials (JWMA) statistics, the total area of the waterproof construction of the 5 industry members are
sixty-four million eight hundred and fifty thousand square meters in 2014, KRK(single ply waterproofing) 31.8%, NUK(Polyurethane waterproof coating) 31.5%,
ARK(Bitumen waterproofing) 22.4%, FBK(Fiber reinforced polyester coating waterproof) 7.8%, TRK(Modified bitumen burner method) 6.5% ( Table 2), Bitumen and
modified bitumen waterproof construction total accounted for 28.9%.
Another questionnaire survey on the use of waterproof materials in Japan in 2014, in the new building with a protective layer of waterproof roof, bitumen
thermal bonding method 72.6%, modified bitumen temperature method 17.6%, a method of modified bitumen modified bitumen 3.9%, hot sticking method 3.9%,
bitumen waterproofing rolls accounted for 98%.
In the exposed roof waterproof, modified bitumen temperature method 17.9%, bitumen hot sticking method 16.4%, bitumen burner method 7.5%, and modified
bitumen hot stick method 6.0%, bitumen waterproofing membrane accounted for 47.8%, head the list.
The most reliable method: hot bitumen viscosity method 29.2%, bitumen burner method 10.4%, modified bitumen temperature method of 8.2%, modified bitumen hot
stick method 5.7%, bitumen waterproofing membrane 53.5%, head the list.
The most expectant waterproof construction method in 2015: hot bitumen viscosity method 11.1%, bitumen temperature method 8.6%, modified bitumen burner
method 6.2%, the coating material impregnated with modified bitumen hot sticking method 3.7%, Bitumen base waterproof sheet material 29.6%, head the list.
1.3America
The American roof waterproof size is about 400 million ㎡/a, The new building is about 15%，renovation construction is about 85%.
The American original roof waterproof uses multi layer (layer 4) bitumen waterproof same as other countries, With the development of rubber and plastic
technology, the application of rubber and plastic waterproof membrane is widely used, and the single layer polymer membrane is becoming the main roof
waterproof material. SBS and APP modified bitumen sheet are now emerging in Europe, the United States import of foreign talents from Europe. After use and
improvement, it has now developed into a relatively mature technology of roofing and underground waterproof materials.
The traditional hot bitumen viscosity oxidation bitumen laminated water-proof, in the market is not same as polymer waterproofing membrane and modified
bitumen waterproofing membrane, the market proportion is reduced year by year, but did not disappear from the market, it also has improvement and innovation
in product quality and construction technology, now still occupy a certain proportion.According to the American Association of roofing engineering research,
2008 hot bitumen glued laminated roofing felts （BUR） comprises 10.58% of new construction, roof renovation 13.65%; EPDM comprises 29.6% of new construction
in the roof renovation accounted for 27.06%; PVC comprises 8.66% of new construction, roof renovation 7.84%; TPO comprises 22.33% of new buildings, roof
renovation 19.38%, SBS and APP modified bitumen waterproof membrane comprises 12.88% of new construction, roof renovation 15.38%. According to the above, the
bitumen thermal bonding layer of roofing is maintained between 8%-10%, modified bitumen waterproof accounted for about 15%.
2.
The progress and experience of the abroad modified bitumen base waterproof membrane application technology
2.1Single layer waterproof to double layer waterproof
1) Europe: the modified bitumen waterproofing membrane was first used in Europe, original standard rules single or double use, through the use of a stage
that single laying effect is not good, not a few years later, double layer waterproof was mainly used. So far, most of the countries have adopted the double
deck construction, only 90% roof of Sweden and Norway use single layer of construction
The United States: the American modified bitumen technology is introduced from Europe, first to use single laying, but found a lot of problems, then changed
to double laying. Now ASTM all SBS and APP modified bitumen coiled material standards, all have lamination laying, used for roofing and waterproofing system
description.
2) Japan: in Japan the single layer waterproof roofing modified bitumen waterproof membrane has low market share, and shows a rapid shrinking trend, total
single layer yield in 1996 is 23.274 million ㎡, especially modified bitumen is 1.665 million ㎡, about 7%, total single layer yield in 2002 is 16.4 million
㎡, Modified bitumen reduced to eighty-eight thousand and five hundred ㎡, it Has been eliminated.
2.2Bitumen thermal bonding method
Hot sticky bitumen bonding firm and durable, is the most reliable and durable bitumen waterproof roll bonding method, common in the United States, Japan,
France and other countries. Hot bitumen used in the construction of a single stack of bitumen sheets to distribute smoke and odor, pollute the environment
and need to be improved. In order to solve this problem, the United States, Japan and other countries research it, to find some effective measures.
1) The best construction thermal viscosity bitumen viscosity optimum construction associated with a certain temperature, the temperature is called the best
construction viscosity temperature (EVT). In this temperature construction, it has the best bitumen viscosity, bond of the coil, less volatile gas. Hot
sticky bitumen notes EVT temperature is indicated for the construction unit to follow.
In the past 10 years, and the bitumen burning and EVT temperature are rise. Now the maximum heating temperature of the bitumen melting pot is changed to 288
℃, and the temperature of EVT is 220℃.
1）low temperature, no smoke and no odor, environmental protection hot sticky bitumen
In the United States, there are professional manufacturers sales various size of gas or fuel oil heating kettle and liquid bitumen insulation heating trailer
equipped with smoke removing device, some smoke removal rate up to 99%, at the scene no smoke and smell, does not affect the office and living. An American
company launched high quality bitumen, anti sagging performance is better than ordinary bitumen, can be used in the temperature of 120 degrees Celsius, thus
eliminating the smoke, odor, burns and other issues. Another company developed in molecular boarding plays the role of odor suppressants, adding into bitumen
can coated bitumen, stop lighter oil molecules evaporation to remove smoke, greatly reduce the bitumen pot flue gas recovery unit cost, in the construction
of roof can eliminate peculiar smell. There is a company to join the special polymer bonding in bitumen, heating the polymer floating on the surface, forming
a layer of skin in the pot, inhibition of bitumen gas.
Japan also developed low smoke, hot sticky bitumen and tasteless, for example in the open type bitumen heating pot by adding a small amount of chemical
agent, to eliminate hydrogen chloride gas, black smoke and pungent odor produced during the process of the bitumen preparation is the 1/5 of the traditional
bitumen heating. The Japan developed small-sized smokeless odorless type environmental dissolving tank automatic temperature control device, in addition to
improving the bitumen is also provided with an automatic filtering and burning, compact and safe, can be used in the construction of roof.
2.3Hot melt (Blowtorch and Spray gun) Method
Bitumen hot melt (Blowtorch and Spray gun) method is the mainly used or important bonding method of the modified bitumen waterproofing membrane in Europe,
the United States and Japan, easy to use and strong adhesion. Hot melt bitumen (Blowtorch and Spray gun) method in Germany accounted for 90% and there is a
blowtorch engineering industry in Japan, various torch and torch car in the United States. Blowtorch method has shortcomings, improper use is easy cause
fire, and you need to pay attention to prevention.
Hot melt method uses blowtorch construction, foreign introduce different size blowtorch equipments and technology level was improved, using is safe and
effective, recently no hot melt caused by the construction of the fire reports. The United States welding equipment also has a great innovation. A welding
machine has a single head or double head. The sale of new torch welding machine to design the equipment and regulator can show the temperature and velocity,
to regulate the amount of bitumen seepages of the overlapping part. Blowtorch car originally has five nozzles, later changed to seven nozzles, is now
offering a 17 nozzles types, nozzle less distribution spacing to narrow, reduce the burning through the danger of bitumen membrane, especially on SBS
modified bitumen coiled material.
Hot air welding machine used for PVC and TPO bonding of thermoplastic waterproofing membrane, the United States has been transplanted into the bonded joint
modified bitumen waterproofing membrane, to eliminate the risk of burning. The development of multipurpose hot air welding machine, light weight, can with
one hand holding the ladder from the parapet 152mm construction.
French Soprema Company large blowtorch hot melt car has quite characteristics, loading 100m long SBS modified bitumen coiled material in road and bridge
construction, fast, good quality, and to exhibit skill in bridge deck waterproofing project of Beijing.
2.4Cold bonding method
Cold adhesive is mainly made from the mixture of bitumen and solvent plus fiber, filler and stabilizer. Cold adhesive mainly divided into joint and large
area bond, the former solvent content is less, the later is high.
Cold sticking method has been successfully used in the United States for more than 20 years, there are some applications in Japan, compared with hot sticky
bitumen has superior bonding characteristics, and has no risk of fire. The adhesive modified bitumen coiled material, its adhesion with similar blowtorch.
The glass fibre tyre of SBS modified bitumen heat aging experiment, cold glue bond 1 500 cycles is equivalent to 30 years, without damage, and burner method
the same.
The development direction of the cold sticking method, one is water and low solvent binder, to reduce the impact on the environment; another is the
development of polymer modified bitumen adhesive. According to reports, Japan has developed a single group without solvent type special modified bitumen,
without melting kettle, a laminated waterproof method, the water density and durability and thermal bonding method. Japan's recent development of rubber
modified bitumen based emulsion, replacing hot sticky bitumen, smoke and odor problems are greatly improved. The use of SEBS modified cold adhesive
viscosity, a company launched the SEBS rubber adhesive bitumen, low temperature flexibility below - 20 DEG C, extending rate in more than 750%, tensile
strength of 690 kPa, resistance to fatigue is 500 times larger than that of the traditional three and four type bitumen roofing and more resistant to high
temperature, suitable for bonding bitumen roofing, laminated bitumen roofing and insulation board.
In recent years, according to reports, in order to protect the environment of water and low solvent adhesives has many issues o. These adhesives are suitable
for storage and construction temperature range is narrow, generally between 10-30 degrees, prone to bad bond issues.
2.5The self-adhesive modified bitumen membrane
With people pay more attention to environmental protection, self-adhesive modified bitumen has new development. Europe has already used self-adhesive
modified bitumen membrane, is widely used in developed countries with high quality. The American self-adhesive membrane has rapid development, annual
consumption growth around 10%. The original self adhered membrane as the cushion used to deal with the ice dam. After adding UV stabilizer, surface layer in
mineral aggregate used as cladding, conventional roofing waterproof membrane. Japanese self-adhesive modified bitumen roofing has been included in the public
construction standard specification, double adhesive method, the underlying self-adhesive and a surface layer of the ordinary change bitumen composite with
various forms.
SBS multiple self adhered membrane modified and APP modification, there is various types of membrane that are non-reinforced, reinforced and backing. SBS
modified bitumen mixture at ambient temperature and the cohesive force is small, not suitable for making waterproof membrane under low temperature. Made of
SBS and SIS blends the self-adhesive coiled material, with good adhesion, long-term high peel strength and low temperature suitable bonding can solve the
above problems. Self adhered membrane wide range of uses, such as in underground waterproofing used alone or and common modified bitumen compound used as a
variety of slope roof used alone or with ordinary modified bitumen composite coiled material use, can also be used as flashing, as the external insulating
layer and the waterproof layer.
Self adhered membrane also has limitations, most products only in a temperature of 10℃is higher than that of the lower construction; poor adaptation to the
grassroots, fiber board or perlite could not be used at all, in lightweight concrete and mineral fiber board need fixed grassroots mechanical membrane.
3 The difference between domestic and foreign and suggestions
3.1To change the mind, reform and innovation, and promote the healthy development of modified bitumen waterproofing membrane. But this kind of material in
the development of our country is unsatisfactory in material quality and construction technical level does not rise against falling, extent leads to the low
quality of China's architectural roofing and waterproofing of underground, the leakage play more and more intense situation, worrying and through the heart.
The above foreign bituminous waterproofing membrane in recent years of continuous improvement, to solve some problems, material and construction technology
have made great progress, is still the main or important waterproof material. Our stack roofing felts was originally three layers laid by heating bitumen
binder and careful construction. According to relevant departments to investigate the average service life of up to 23 years, in the technological revolution
is no to drop into two layer laying, life down, coupled with the thermal viscosity bitumen powder smoke has not, dramatically reduced, has now been
eliminated. In contrast, Japan's stack layer bitumen roofing materials and construction are constantly improve and enhance, smog problems have solutions,
overall technical level does not improve, in discussing the 10 years of waterproof shelf life was designated as the pilot preferred method, now but is the
most reliable water proof method. The same materials and techniques in China and Japan have different fate, set people thinking.
Now it's the turn of the modified bitumen waterproof membrane. After 30 years of development, the SBS modified bitumen waterproofing membrane production
capacity has ranked first in the world, the annual sales of billions of square meters. But so many SBS waterproofing membranes do not solve the problem of
building leakage. Hot bitumen viscosity method has been abandoned the recent hot melt method due to the extensive use of small steam lamp lack of temperature
control, cause some fires, and forbidden sound on the rise. Therefore, hot sticky bitumen and blowtorch method are not to use, what kind of method can use?
How to develop bitumen based waterproof membrane?
The bitumen is rich in resources, excellent waterproof performance, although it’s the waste oil processing, but also the ideal material for waterproofing
membrane. Bitumen also has disadvantages, as long as it is heated to produce smoke and odor, and there is the risk of overheating fire. Abroad take a
positive attitude, try to solve these problems, and achieved success, fire and fire problems have been solved. In our country, we should overcome the
negative attitude to face problems. To change the concept, carry out the innovation spirit, learn from foreign experience, facing problems and difficulties,
to find ways to crack the SBS modified bitumen waterproof membranes applied to the world advanced level.
3.2Monolayer to double layer
Modified bitumen waterproof membrane is composed of laminated bitumen membrane development over the foreign first single, double were. Results show that
single function (except for special varieties) are not sufficient to achieve effective waterproof, Europe and the United States, Japan in addition to the
Nordic use double deck waterproof. Recommendations in China learn from the successful experience of foreign countries, the modified bitumen roll roofing
design by the single changed to stack (double) laying, and according to the ASTM practice. In the foreword explicitly pointed out that modified bitumen
waterproofing membrane stack layer is paved and used for roofing and waterproofing.
3.3
Modified bitumen waterproofing method includes bitumen hot viscosity method and hot melts method, cold sticking and self-adhesive membrane method. In foreign
countries, the bitumen hot sticking method and hot melt method for two main paving method, use is widespread and successful, have occurred in the smoke and
fire problem has been solved, cold sticking method and self-adhesive method also made a lot of progress. However, the modified bitumen roofing application
technology improvement, there is little research should use the experience of other countries for reference, catch-up, overcome the largest short board,
otherwise it will seriously affect the modified bitumen roll the normal development of waterproofing membrane, even lead to its decline, is not aware of
this.
1） hot sticky bitumen method
Developed countries were retained a pain hot sticky bitumen method, there are a lot of innovation, basically solved the heating bitumen smoke and odor
problems. It is suggested that the research and development of low temperature and low viscosity low temperature hot sticky bitumen should be carried out as
soon as possible.
Environmental protection bitumen heating equipment is an essential bitumen heating device, the United States bitumen heating in addition to the smoke
transport vehicles and Japan's small and no smell bitumen melting pot, are worthy of reference. Domestic enterprises have been on display bitumen heating
efficient smoke removal device, it is recommended to improve and promote the use of.
2） hot melt method
The torch (gun) method is simple and effective, has been solved the problem of poor fire control, widely used. Individual city in China is negative towards
the emergence of fire attitude, regardless of the consequences of a ban. The strength of our organization for SBS modified bitumen roofing construction, the
research and development of environmentally friendly type temperature control spray wind and long blowtorch car is suggested.
3)cold sticking method
Cold bonding method has no fire, no hazard, and good bonding effect widely used in the United States, is also a desirable way of bonding. Suggestions for
reference of foreign experience develop high quality water or low solvent adhesives and rubber (SEBS) modified bitumen adhesive.
4） self-adhesive modified bitumen membrane
Self-adhesive modified bitumen membrane has decades of usage history, entered into national standards, widely range of uses. at the scene without using
adhesive bonding, in foreign countries In recent years China's manufacturers also developed various self-adhesive modified bitumen membrane, are beginning to
be used in construction engineering, but according to the detection and personal observation, the adhesion of some manufacturers products does not pass.
Solution of SBS modified bitumen self agglutinant inadequacy can refer to the practice of the United States, add sis and SBS blend, improve the bonding
properties of self adhered membrane. In addition, should also pay attention to the limitations of self adhered membrane, not all projects or parts can use
self adhered membrane.
3.4 Research on the application of SBS modified bitumen coiled material
Foreign SBS modified bitumen products, has been formed and supporting materials together to develop the good tradition, but our modified bitumen
waterproofing coiled material manufacturers have focused on the materials, light matching, matching technology (including material and tool) is a short
board, do not form a complete system, this problem urgently awaits to be solved.
Now the use of construction machinery for foreign companies in the domestic sales, we in construction machinery technology from the overseas and the certain
gap should in the use of foreign advanced equipment at the same time, pay attention to the self development, as soon as possible available technology gap,
enhance construction quality and construction efficiency.
Recommended by industry associations come forward, making SBS modified bitumen roofing application technology research plan, invite industry research
institutions, large enterprises and petrochemical system for technicians and experts in, division of labor and cooperation, joint research and the plan
submitted to the Ministry of science and technology as a national key science and technology project for national financial support.
4.prospect
Through the revision of the specifications, realize the single changed bilayer, our modified bitumen waterproof membrane market has been initially improved;
through joint research, the completion of SBS modified bitumen waterproof membrane application technology research plan, SBS modified bitumen waterproofing
membrane technology will have a qualitative leap. Then we wait.
Chinese building waterproofing Association engineer Xia ye helps to finish this paper, thanks.
